4-hydroxy Nonenal Glutathione-d3 (trifluoroacetate salt)

4-hydroxy Nonenal Glutathione-d3 (4-HNE-GSH-d3 (trifluoroacetate salt) contains three deuterium atoms at the terminal methyl position. It is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 4-HNE-GSH (trifluoroacetate salt) by GC- or LC-mass spectrometry. 4-hydroxy-Nonenal (4-HNE) is a major aldehyde produced during the lipid peroxidation of ?-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid and linoleic acid.{869,1103} 4-HNE-GSH is a major adduct formed by the reaction of 4-HNE with GSH.{18611,7334,18610,18731} 4-HNE-GSH levels in liver, plasma, or isolated cells can serve as biomarkers for oxidative stress.{18729} The trapping of 4-HNE by glutathione to give HNE-GSH prevents the formation of DNA adducts with 4-HNE.{1670,18730} In human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, HNE-GSH is metabolized to 1,4-dihydroxynonene glutathione (DHN-GSH), 4-hydroxynonenoic acid glutathione (HNA-GSH), and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid (HNE-MA).{18611}